{Januari 23, 2008} MAU GAK MAU HARUS TAU

Sekarang aQ lagi pingin bahas tentang salah satu pelajaran di sekolah aQ yaitu TIK. Mungkin kalo’ ndenger kata TIK bawaannya pasti semua tentang tetek-sengeknya soal komputer. Kalo’ gitu salah besar, soalnya TIK itu bukan hanya mbahas tentang komputer aja tapi semua tentang teknologi dalam melakukan informasi dan berkomunikasi yang sekarang lagi up to date.

Pelajaran TIK ternyata penting soalnya bisa nambah pengetahuan kita tentang teknologi sekarang ini dan supaya kita bukan termasuk orang yang biasanya disebut GAPTEK (Gagap tentang Teknologi). Tapi waktu aQ dikasih soal ulangan TIK aku nggak bisa jadi aku bisa disebut gaptek dong???

Kasian ya aku… Tapi aku nggak mau menyerah soalnya kan “Pengetahuan nggak bakalan datang sendiri tanpa kita cari tau”. Jadi aQ bakalan lebih nambah pengetahuanku dengan banyak baca dan cari reverensi-reverensi biar sebutan GAPTEK nggak mampir dan hinggap di belakang namaQ. He…3x

AYO SEMANGAT……..

{Nopember 25, 2007} Wireline

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

The term wireline usually refers to a cabling technology used by operators of oil and gas wells to lower equipment into the well for the purposes of a well intervention. In its simplest and most used form, the wireline simply consists of a single strand of metal wire most commonly 0.108″ or 0.125″ in diameter (sometimes referred to as slickline). In other cases, the wire will be composed of braided strands, rendering it stronger and heavier (called braided line). Braided line can contain an inner core of insulated wires which provide power to equipment located at the end of the cable (called electric line or E-line) and provides a pathway for electrical telemetry for communication between equipment at each end of the cable. The first use of wireline in a wellbore was as a measuring device. Measuring systems using rope or flat section steel tape, were over time replaced by wire. Many of the modern tools and equipment used during wireline interventions were invented by Herbert C. Otis of the Otis Pressure Control company.

Uses

Slickline

Around 80% of Wireline jobs are undertaking using Slickline. The nature of slickline requires any tools to be able to operate independently of electrical communication from surface. This limits slickline to jobs such as setting plugs and straddes, which require mechanical action. Some completion components may be deployed and retrieved on slickline such as wireline retrievable safety valves, downhole gauges (assuming that communication and power requirements met by other means), perforating, setting explosivly set bridge plugs gas lift valves. Slickline can also be used for fishing, the process of trying to retrieve other equipment and wire, which has been dropped down the hole.

Braided line

Braided line is generally used when the strength of slickline is insufficient for the task. Most commonly, this is for heavy fishing such as retrieving broken drill pipe.

Electric line

Electric line is used for well logging, involving deploying sensory tools designed to provide some information about the properties of the well. Electric line operations can be divided in two domains : Reservoir Evaluation (or “open hole”), which operates in the borehole just after it has been drilled, and Production (or “cased hole”), which operates after the well has been completed and lined with a metal pipe (the “casing”).

Reservoir evaluation focuses in recording the properties of the formation around the borehole (density, porosity, oil and water saturation, moveability of hydrocarbons, presence of fractures, etc.) while production logging is here to maximize the production of an already-completed well through perforation services, plug setting and production fluid evaluation.

The recent developments of wireline tractors have allowed wireline to be used in highly deviated and horizontal wells, operations which historically have required coiled tubing or drillpipe-conveyed logging (TLC - “tough logging conditions”). These require a source of electrical power and so are always run on E-line. Tractors also enable wireline to expand into the operation of milling by being able to provide rotary motion.

Wireline tools

A wireline tool string can be dozens of feet long with multiple separate tools installed to perform multiple operations at once.

Reservoir Evaluation Tools

Natural Gamma-Ray Tools

The natural Gamma-Ray tools are a family of tools that is designed to measure the naturally occurring Gamma radiation in the earth’s formation usually due to Potassium, Uranium, and Thorium. Thus,these tools do not use any radioactive materials unlike nuclear tools which employ a radioactive material. The Natural Gamma-Ray tools employ a radioactive sensor which is usually a scintillation crystal that emits a light pulse proportional to the strength of the Gamma-Ray pulse incident on it. This light pulse is then converted to a current pulse by means of a Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) and then this current pulse is fed to tool electronics for further processing and ultimately, to the surface system to record it. The strength of the received Gamma rays is dependant on, the source emitting Gamma rays, the density of the formation, and the distance between the source and the tool detector.

The log recorded by this family of tools is used to, identify lithology, estimate shale content, and correlation.

Nuclear Tools

Nuclear Tools frequently contain a gamma ray source and a neutron source.

Gamma rays are progressively blocked by increasing material density. Gamma ray count is therefore used to determine the density of the formation, which with the known density of the formation rock gives us a porosity (liquid content in the rock).

Neutrons are neutralized by hydrogen, which is present in both hydrocarbons and water. Neutron count therefore gives us the degree of neutron absorption, an indication of the liquid content of the formation, which in turn gives us porosity.

Resistivity Tools

This tool is important in reservoir evaluation for determining the location of the oil-water contact. Water is far more conductive than hydrocarbons and so will give the reservoir rock it saturates a lower resistivity than rock saturated with hydrocarbons. When analysing a resistivity log, the point where the resistivity undergoes a large change is likely to be the location of the oil-water contact.

Sonic and Ultrasonic Tools

Sampling Tools

Magnetic Nuclear Resonance Tools

Borehole Seismic Tools

Production Tools

Slickline Tools

Jar

This type of tool can extend and be closed rapidly to induce a mechanical shock to the tool string. This shock can induce certain components such as plugs to lock into place and then unlock for retrieving. Spang jars are manually operated by the wireline operator who either lifts or lowers wire rapidly. Power jars use springs or built-in hydraulics to give an upward jarring motion where greater force is required.

Stem

Stem essentially just serves to add weight to the toolstring. The weight may be necessary to overcome the pressure of the well. Some variations of stem, called roller stem, may have wheels built into the tool to allow the tool string to glide more easily down moderately deviated wells.

Pulling tools

These are tools designed for fishing other wireline components, which may have been dropped down hole. All wireline tools are designed with ‘fishing necks’ on their top side, intended to be easily grabbed by pulling tools. Pulling tools are also used for retrieving seated components such as plugs.

Gauge cutter

The important part of these tools is their bottom end, which is a sharp metal ring of accurately determined size. By allowing for a sharp up and down motion, the metal ring can cut through contamination such as a scale, which may build up in the well bore.

Lead impression block

If an obstruction is found downhole, a lead impression block can be run to help determine its nature. The LIB has a malleable lead base, in which the obstruction can leave an impression when they meet. It is also called Wireline Camera because of its function to mark any object at the downhole.

Bailer

This tool is designed to collect samples of downhole solids for the purposes of cleaning out or just determining the nature of solids such as scale.

Additional Equipment

Logging Head

This is a standard wireline equipment, required to connect the wire to the toolstring, and is used for almost all services.

Tractors

These are electrical tools that can be used to push the toolstring into hole, overcoming wireline’s disadvantage of being gravity dependent. These are used for operations in highly deviated and horizontal wells, where gravity is insufficient, even with roller stem. They can push against the side of the wellbore either through the use of wheels or through a wormlike motion. The technology has been in place for more than 10 years now, and certain companies have operation factors of over 98% with their wireline tractors. The technology is unproven and not reliable. Many fishing jobs have been caused when tractors malfunction and components are left downhole.

Wireline apparatus

For oilfield work, the wireline resides on the surface, wound around a large (3 to 10 feet in diameter) spool. Operators may use a portable spool (on the back of a special truck) or a permanent part of the drilling rig. Associated with the spool one finds gearing and a motor used to turn the spool and thus raise and lower the equipment into and out of the well – the winch.

Pressure control during wireline operations

The primary barrier on a wireline rig up is the stuffing box/lubricator envelope, which contains rubber packing elements that seal around the wire as it is run in and pulled out, thereby containing well pressure. A secondary barrier is a wireline valve, which can be closed around the wire if there is a risk of failure of the stuffing box. For braided line, a grease injection head is needed above the wireline valve to ensure a seal despite braided contours of the wire. The tertiary barrier for slickline is the upper master valve on the Xmas tree, which is capable of cutting the wire when closed. For braided line, as it is thicker, a shear-seal valve is needed.

Wireline images

Wireline attached to top of Chistmas Tree

Oil Well Top of Wirleine

Wirline Truck with drum (inside)

Wax being removed off a wireline wax knife

BO shifting tool

Wireline Services

http://www.akerkvaerner.com/Internet/IndustriesAndServices/OilAndGas/Wellintervention/Wirelineservices/

Wireline winch

Well Intervention by means of Wireline is a cost efficient method of reaching operational objectives. The tools and equipment are conveyed into wells either through an “open hole” without surface pressure, or through special pressure retaining equipment which allows the toolstrings to be conveyed into live wells with full production pressure.

Wireline Services encompass slick, braided and electric line, plus specialised services such as H2S service and heavy-duty units for fishing. Typical operational objectives are:

Mechanical operations: setting plugs
Well clean up: removal of sand or debris
Explosive services: punching or perforation
Data acquisition: production logging

In accordance with the increasing use of subsea technology as a field development solution, Aker Kvaerner has performed extensive engineering, enabling our Well Intervention Services to be supplied cost effectively from light intervention vessels.

Wireline operation

The above picture shows a typical Wireline rig-up offshore. There is a valve tree under each of the hatches on the hatch deck. The valve tree is Aker Kvaerner’s physical borderline with the customer’s platform. All the equipment seen on the hatch deck is used for the objective of conveying tools and logging equipment in a safe and efficient way to their target depths in the well.

Preparing to convey perforation guns

The above picture shows a Wireline operator as he guides perforation guns into the Wireline riser. The work is physically demanding and requires a rigour HSE-mindset.

The quality systems for all operations are accredited and certified to the ISO 9001:2000 standard.

{Nopember 25, 2007} Wireless

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For the use of the term in networking, see Wireless networking. For the British rock band, see Wireless (band).

The term wireless is normally used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is accomplished without the use of a “hard wired” connection. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or “wires“.^[1] The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear the term is often simply shortened to “wireless”. Wireless communications is generally considered to be a branch of telecommunications.

It encompasses cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer mice and keyboards, satellite television and cordless telephones.

[hide]

Introduction

Image:Handheld Mariime VHF 217×289.png

Handheld wireless radios such as this Maritime VHF radio transceiver use electromagnetic waves to implement a form of wireless communications technology.

Wireless operations permits services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g., radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio frequency (RF), infrared light, laser light, visible light, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without the use of wires.^[2] Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances.

Wireless communication may be via:

radio frequency communication,
microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional antennas, or short-range communication, or
infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from remote controls or via IRDA,

Applications may involve point-to-point communication, point-to-multipoint communication, broadcasting , cellular networks and other wireless networks.

The term “wireless” should not be confused with the term “cordless“, which is generally used to refer to powered electrical or electronic devices that are able to operate from a portable power source (e.g., a battery pack) without any cable or cord to limit the mobility of the cordless device through a connection to the mains power supply. Some cordless devices, such as cordless telephones, are also wireless in the sense that information is transferred from the cordless telephone to the telephone’s base unit via some type of wireless communications link. This has caused some disparity in the usage of the term “cordless”, for example in Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications.

In the last 50 years, wireless communications industry experienced drastic changes driven by many technology innovations.

History

Further information: History of radio

The term “wireless” came into public use to refer to a radio receiver or transceiver (a dual purpose receiver and transmitter device), establishing its usage in the field of wireless telegraphy early on; now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet. It is also used in a general sense to refer to any type of operation that is implemented without the use of wires, such as “wireless remote control”, “wireless energy transfer”, etc. regardless of the specific technology (e.g., radio, infrared, ultrasonic, etc.) that is used to accomplish the operation.

Early wireless work

David E. Hughes, eight years before Hertz’s experiments, induced electromagnetic waves in a signalling system. Hughes transmitted Morse code by an induction apparatus. In 1878, Hughes’s induction transmission method utilized a “clockwork transmitter” to transmit signals. In 1885, T. A. Edison uses a vibrator magnet for induction transmission. In 1888, Edison deploys a system of signalling on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. In 1891, Edison attains the wireless patent for this method using inductance (U.S. Patent 465,971 ).

In the history of wireless technology, the demonstration of the theory of electromagnetic waves by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1888 was important.^[3]^[4] The theory of electromagnetic waves were predicted from the research of James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday. Hertz demonstrated that electromagnetic waves could be transmitted and caused to travel through space at straight lines and that they were able to be received by an experimental apparatus.^[3]^[4] The experiments were not followed up by Hertz and the practical applications of the wireless communication and remote control technology would be implemented by Nikola Tesla.

The electromagnetic spectrum

Light, colours, AM and FM radio, and electronic devices make use of the electromagnetic spectrum. In the US the frequencies that are available for use for communication are treated as a public resource and are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission. This determines which frequency ranges can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such control or alternative arrangements such as a privatized electromagnetic spectrum, chaos might result if, for example, airlines didn’t have specific frequencies to work under and a ham radio operator was interfering with the pilot’s ability to land an airplane. Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz.

Applications of wireless technology

Security systems

Wireless technology may supplement or replace hard wired implementations in security systems for homes or office buildings. The operations that are required (e.g., detecting whether a door or window is open or closed) may be implemented with the use of hard wired sensors or they may be implemented with the use of wireless sensors which are also equipped with a wireless transmitter (e.g., infrared, radio frequency, etc.) to transmit the information concerning the current state of the door or window.

Television remote control

Some televisions were previously manufactured with hard wired remote controls which plugged in to a receptacle or jack in the television whereas more modern televisions use wireless (generally infrared) remote control units.

Cellular telephones

Perhaps the best known example of wireless technology is the cellular telephone. These instruments use radio waves to enable the operator to make phone calls from many locations world-wide. They can be used anywhere that there is a cellular telephone site to house the equipment that is required to transmit and receive the signal that is used to transfer both voice and data to and from these instruments. (For more information see mobile phones).

Wireless communication

This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2006)
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path. Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include:

Cellular phones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business.
Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.
Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless.
Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell phones.
Satellite television: allows viewers in almost any location to select from hundreds of channels.

Wireless networking is used to meet a variety of needs. Perhaps the most common use is to connect laptop users who travel from location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks that connect via satellite. A wireless transmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN segment that must frequently change locations. The following situations justify the use of wireless technology:

To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling,
To avoid obstacles such as physical structures, EMI, or RFI,
To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure,
To link portable or temporary workstations,
To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or
To remotely connect mobile users or networks.

Environmental concerns and health hazards

^{This short section requires expansion.}

Main article: Wireless electronic devices and health

Recently there have been concerns risen and research conducted concerning usage of wireless communications and its possible relation to poor concentration, memory loss, nausea, premature senility and even cancer.^[5]^[6]^[7]

On the PBS show Nature there was a show dedicated to Colony Collapse Disorder where there was mention of some blame on the phenomenon of missing bees particularly due to the wide use of cellphones as the cause of the collapse.^[8] However, one interviewed person asserted that the cellphones were not the cause due to misinterpreted report.^[9]